Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study

Rongkai Shi; Yushi Wei; Yue Li; Lingyun Yu; Hai Ning Liang

doi:10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00132

Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study

Rongkai Shi, Yushi Wei, Yue Li, Lingyun Yu, Hai Ning Liang^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Computing

Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University

Research output: Chapter in Book or Report/Conference proceeding › Conference Proceeding › peer-review

Abstract

Target pointing selection is a fundamental task. According to Fitts' law, users need more time to select targets with smaller sizes. Expanding the target to a larger size is a practical approach that can facilitate pointing selection. It has been well-examined and -deployed in 2D user interfaces. However, limited research has investigated target expansion methods using an immersive virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD). In this work, we aimed to fill this gap by conducting a user study using ISO 9241-411 multi-directional pointing task to examine the effect of target expansion on target selection performance in VR HMD. Based on our results, we found that compared to not expanding the target, expanding the target width by 1.5 and 2.5 times during the movement can significantly reduce the selection time. We hope that the design and results derived from the study can help frame future work.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023
Editors	Gerd Bruder, Anne-Helene Olivier, Andrew Cunningham, Evan Yifan Peng, Jens Grubert, Ian Williams
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Pages	615-618
Number of pages	4
ISBN (Electronic)	9798350328912
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00132
Publication status	Published - 2023
Event	2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023 - Sydney, Australia Duration: 16 Oct 2023 → 20 Oct 2023

Publication series

Name	Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023

Conference

Conference	2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023
Country/Territory	Australia
City	Sydney
Period	16/10/23 → 20/10/23

Keywords

Empirical studies in HCI
Human computer interaction (HCI)
Human-centered computing
Interaction paradigms
Virtual reality

Access to Document

10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00132

Cite this

Shi, R., Wei, Y., Li, Y., Yu, L., & Liang, H. N. (2023). Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study. In G. Bruder, A.-H. Olivier, A. Cunningham, E. Y. Peng, J. Grubert, & I. Williams (Eds.), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023 (pp. 615-618). (Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00132

Shi, Rongkai ; Wei, Yushi ; Li, Yue et al. / Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments : A Fitts' Law Study. Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023. editor / Gerd Bruder ; Anne-Helene Olivier ; Andrew Cunningham ; Evan Yifan Peng ; Jens Grubert ; Ian Williams. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023. pp. 615-618 (Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023).

@inproceedings{0ee348c11482462d99ba018190cbfbd1,

title = "Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study",

abstract = "Target pointing selection is a fundamental task. According to Fitts' law, users need more time to select targets with smaller sizes. Expanding the target to a larger size is a practical approach that can facilitate pointing selection. It has been well-examined and -deployed in 2D user interfaces. However, limited research has investigated target expansion methods using an immersive virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD). In this work, we aimed to fill this gap by conducting a user study using ISO 9241-411 multi-directional pointing task to examine the effect of target expansion on target selection performance in VR HMD. Based on our results, we found that compared to not expanding the target, expanding the target width by 1.5 and 2.5 times during the movement can significantly reduce the selection time. We hope that the design and results derived from the study can help frame future work.",

keywords = "Empirical studies in HCI, Human computer interaction (HCI), Human-centered computing, Interaction paradigms, Virtual reality",

author = "Rongkai Shi and Yushi Wei and Yue Li and Lingyun Yu and Liang, {Hai Ning}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 IEEE.; 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023 ; Conference date: 16-10-2023 Through 20-10-2023",

year = "2023",

doi = "10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00132",

language = "English",

series = "Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023",

publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",

pages = "615--618",

editor = "Gerd Bruder and Anne-Helene Olivier and Andrew Cunningham and Peng, {Evan Yifan} and Jens Grubert and Ian Williams",

booktitle = "Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023",

}

Shi, R, Wei, Y, Li, Y , Yu, L & Liang, HN 2023, Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study. in G Bruder, A-H Olivier, A Cunningham, EY Peng, J Grubert & I Williams (eds), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023. Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 615-618, 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023, Sydney, Australia, 16/10/23. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00132

Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study. / Shi, Rongkai; Wei, Yushi; Li, Yue et al.
Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023. ed. / Gerd Bruder; Anne-Helene Olivier; Andrew Cunningham; Evan Yifan Peng; Jens Grubert; Ian Williams. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023. p. 615-618 (Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023).

Research output: Chapter in Book or Report/Conference proceeding › Conference Proceeding › peer-review

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AU - Shi, Rongkai

AU - Wei, Yushi

AU - Li, Yue

AU - Yu, Lingyun

AU - Liang, Hai Ning

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - Target pointing selection is a fundamental task. According to Fitts' law, users need more time to select targets with smaller sizes. Expanding the target to a larger size is a practical approach that can facilitate pointing selection. It has been well-examined and -deployed in 2D user interfaces. However, limited research has investigated target expansion methods using an immersive virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD). In this work, we aimed to fill this gap by conducting a user study using ISO 9241-411 multi-directional pointing task to examine the effect of target expansion on target selection performance in VR HMD. Based on our results, we found that compared to not expanding the target, expanding the target width by 1.5 and 2.5 times during the movement can significantly reduce the selection time. We hope that the design and results derived from the study can help frame future work.

AB - Target pointing selection is a fundamental task. According to Fitts' law, users need more time to select targets with smaller sizes. Expanding the target to a larger size is a practical approach that can facilitate pointing selection. It has been well-examined and -deployed in 2D user interfaces. However, limited research has investigated target expansion methods using an immersive virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display (HMD). In this work, we aimed to fill this gap by conducting a user study using ISO 9241-411 multi-directional pointing task to examine the effect of target expansion on target selection performance in VR HMD. Based on our results, we found that compared to not expanding the target, expanding the target width by 1.5 and 2.5 times during the movement can significantly reduce the selection time. We hope that the design and results derived from the study can help frame future work.

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BT - Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023

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A2 - Olivier, Anne-Helene

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A2 - Peng, Evan Yifan

A2 - Grubert, Jens

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PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.

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Shi R, Wei Y, Li Y , Yu L, Liang HN. Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study. In Bruder G, Olivier AH, Cunningham A, Peng EY, Grubert J, Williams I, editors, Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 2023. p. 615-618. (Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct, ISMAR-Adjunct 2023). doi: 10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00132

Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

Keywords

Access to Document

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Interaction Techniques for Visual Storytelling

Cite this

Expanding Targets in Virtual Reality Environments: A Fitts' Law Study

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

Interaction Techniques for Visual Storytelling

Cite this