Structural Insights into gp16 ATPase in the Bacteriophage φ29 DNA Packaging Motor

Biological motors, ubiquitous in living systems, convert chemical energy into different kinds of mechanical motions critical to cellular functions. Gene product 16 (gp16) in bacteriophage φ29 is among the most powerful biomotors known, which adopts a multisubunit ring-shaped structure and hydrolyzes ATP to package double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) into a preformed procapsid. Here we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of gp16 (gp16-CTD). Structure-based alignment and molecular dynamics simulations revealed an essential binding surface of gp16-CTD for prohead RNA, a unique component of the motor complex. Furthermore, our simulations highlighted a dynamic interplay between the N-terminal domain and the CTD of gp16, which may play a role in driving movement of DNA into the procapsid. Lastly, we assembled an atomic structural model of the complete φ29 dsDNA packaging motor complex by integrating structural and experimental data from multiple sources. Collectively, our findings provided a refined inchworm-revolution model for dsDNA translocation in bacteriophage φ29 and suggested how the individual domains of gp16 work together to power such translocation.