TY - JOUR
T1 - ENF Based Digital Multimedia Forensics
T2 - Survey, Application, Challenges and Future Work
AU - Ngharamike, Ericmoore
AU - Ang, Li Minn
AU - Seng, Kah Phooi
AU - Wang, Mingzhong
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2013 IEEE.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - The electric network frequency (ENF) represents the transmission frequency of the electrical grid and fluctuates constantly around 50 Hz or 60 Hz, subject to the region. This constant fluctuation, caused by the continuous mismatch in power demand and supply, makes the ENF a unique signature, which can be utilized for several applications. According to studies, the ENF may be intrinsically implanted in audio recordings captured by digital audio recorders (e.g., microphone-based voice recorder) plugged into the mains supply or are situated close to sources of power and power transmission cable due to electromagnetic field interference originated from power source or acoustic hum and mechanical vibrations emitted by electrically operated devices such as regular household appliances. Recent studies further observed that video recordings made under an illumination source powered by main power can pick up the ENF signal. Following this discovery, several research efforts have been invested towards successful and accurate extraction of the ENF signal, and utilizing the ENF signal retrieved for several applications, including time stamp verification, audio/video authentication, location of recording estimation, power grid identification, estimation of camera read-out time, and video record synchronization. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive survey on ENF-based multimedia forensics. Thus, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of studies conducted in this field, identifying several application specifics, current challenges, and future research directions.
AB - The electric network frequency (ENF) represents the transmission frequency of the electrical grid and fluctuates constantly around 50 Hz or 60 Hz, subject to the region. This constant fluctuation, caused by the continuous mismatch in power demand and supply, makes the ENF a unique signature, which can be utilized for several applications. According to studies, the ENF may be intrinsically implanted in audio recordings captured by digital audio recorders (e.g., microphone-based voice recorder) plugged into the mains supply or are situated close to sources of power and power transmission cable due to electromagnetic field interference originated from power source or acoustic hum and mechanical vibrations emitted by electrically operated devices such as regular household appliances. Recent studies further observed that video recordings made under an illumination source powered by main power can pick up the ENF signal. Following this discovery, several research efforts have been invested towards successful and accurate extraction of the ENF signal, and utilizing the ENF signal retrieved for several applications, including time stamp verification, audio/video authentication, location of recording estimation, power grid identification, estimation of camera read-out time, and video record synchronization. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive survey on ENF-based multimedia forensics. Thus, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of studies conducted in this field, identifying several application specifics, current challenges, and future research directions.
KW - ENF applications
KW - ENF audio and video forensic
KW - ENF detection
KW - ENF estimation
KW - Electric network frequency (ENF)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85171569028&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312181
DO - 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312181
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85171569028
SN - 2169-3536
VL - 11
SP - 101241
EP - 101272
JO - IEEE Access
JF - IEEE Access
ER -