The 'listen to characters thinking' novel: Fictive interaction as narrative strategy in English literary bestsellers and their Polish and Spanish translations

This article explores direct speech involving fictive interaction, that is not functioning as an ordinary quote (e.g. "a look of 'I told you so'"; Pascual, 2006, 2014). We specifically deal with its use as a literary strategy, in which different fictive speech constructions may serve to: (i) give access to characters' mental worlds; (ii) show the relationships and non-verbal communication between characters; (iii) create new semantic categories; and (iv) produce such rhetorical effects as vividness or humor. Special emphasis is placed on a comparative analysis of the English fictive direct speech plus noun construction (e.g. "the 'why bother?' attitude") with its translations into Polish and Spanish. We show that the construction proves a challenge to translators, since neither of these languages has an exact syntactic equivalent. This study is based on an extensive and heterogeneous database that includes 30 bestselling novels from different genres, published between 1935 and 2013.