State-of-the-art of designs studies for batteries packs of electric vehicles

Battery packs comprising of assembly of batteries also known as the battery management system is considered as heart of the electric vehicle system. The present work will conduct the detailed survey on the two aspects of battery management systems such as the control by battery modelling and Mechanical designs. The findings reported that a considerable and significant research in battery modelling for estimating the battery states based on the empirical, semi-empirical, electrical, thermal, fusion and electrochemical models had been conducted. Relatively, the research on the mechanical designs for the battery management system has been overlooked. This work provides an overview of the present research focus, the critical gaps with the new research directions, which can also be seen as an outlook, challenges and opportunities in designing of an efficient battery management systems for the next-generation electric vehicles. The critical directions of research identified are a) Uncertainty in the battery estimation b) Mechanical design of robust battery pack c) Emerging battery technologies d) Sustainable and manufacturable battery pack e) Unified and Conceptual model f) Safe location for easy installation and replacement of the battery pack. Future work for authors would be to work on these research directions and innovate a compact mechanical design of a battery pack that is reliable, endurable, sustainable and economically viable.