Recent advances and future technologies in nano-microplastics detection

Ajinkya Nene, Sorour Sadeghzade, Stefano Viaroli, Wenjie Yang, Ucheaga Paul Uchenna, Abhishek Kandwal, Xinghui Liu, Prakash Somani, Massimiliano Galluzzi*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

2 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The degradation of mismanaged plastic waste in the environment results in the formation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), which pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. These particles are pervasive, detected even in remote regions, and can enter the food chain, accumulating in organisms and causing harm depending on factors such as particle load, exposure dose, and the presence of co-contaminants. Detecting and analyzing NMPs present unique challenges, particularly as particle size decreases, making them increasingly difficult to identify. Moreover, the absence of standardized protocols for their detection and analysis further hinders comprehensive assessments of their environmental and biological impacts. This review provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in technologies for sampling, separation, measurement, and quantification of NMPs. It highlights promising approaches, supported by practical examples from recent studies, while critically addressing persistent challenges in sampling, characterization, and analysis. This work examines cutting-edge developments in nanotechnology-based detection, integrated spectro-microscopic techniques, and AI-driven classification algorithms, offering solutions to bridge gaps in NMP research. By exploring state-of-the-art methodologies and presenting future perspectives, this review provides valuable insights for improving detection capabilities at the micro- and nanoscale, enabling more effective analysis across diverse environmental contexts.

Original languageEnglish
Article number7
JournalEnvironmental Sciences Europe
Volume37
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Dec 2025

Keywords

  • Challenges
  • Detection
  • Improvements
  • Measurements
  • Nano microplastics (NMPs)
  • Pretreatment
  • Sample preparation

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