TY - JOUR
T1 - Recent advancements in enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials
T2 - Synthesis, mechanistic formation, and applications
AU - Anboo, Shamini
AU - Lau, Sie Yon
AU - Kansedo, Jibrail
AU - Yap, Pow Seng
AU - Hadibarata, Tony
AU - Jeevanandam, Jaison
AU - Kamaruddin, Azlina H.
N1 - Funding Information:
Furthermore, the idea and advantages of collaboration among scientists, economists as well as governments can be very fruitful in developing revolutionary designs as nanotechnology is generally expensive (Scarazzati & Wang, 2019 ). For instance, in 2000, President Bill Clinton founded the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) to act as support for nanotechnology research across governmental agencies, educational institutes, and research industries in the United States. The NNI research funding has increased more than 155‐fold since 1997 (initial investment of $116 million) and most recent data showed the research & development (R&D) investment at $18.1 billion as of 2014 (Koshovets & Ganichev, 2017 ; Paull et al., 2003 ). However, there has been a steady decline in funding due to budget cuts since 2013 whereby, in 2016–2017, the proposed funding was cut to $1.5 billion, which, could potentially be a barrier to the growth of the nanoindustry (National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2016 ). In Europe, the European Union (EU) research projects launched the Horizon 2020 program, one of the largest investments (€2 billion) in the development of nanomaterials. Horizon 2020 aims to act as an important tool for gaining a better understanding of the possible safety concerns associated with nanotechnology, as well as exploring their capabilities (European Commission, 2020 ). On the other hand, the nanotechnology industry has been developing across Asia whereby, in China, the research dethe velopment of nano‐industry has been flourishing since thethe founding of Strategic Pioneering Programme in 2012 with a budget of $152 million over 5 years. The long‐term program which is led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), is a key player in the nano‐industry and is leading the ranks in terms of scientific papers and patents (J. Qiu, 2016 ). The government of India through the Department of Science and Technology funds the National Nanotechnology Program with nearly $10 million as well as National Program on Smart Materials, which was funded with over $15 million (funding from collaborations with five government agencies). In South Africa, the South African Nanotechnology Initiative (SANi) includes participation from 11 universities, 5 research organizers, and 10 private industries within the scope of research areas, such as chemicals, fuels, energy as well as telecommunications, whereas there have been 62 projects funded with nearly $12.5 million by the National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico, in 19 institutions focusing on optics, microelectronics, coatings, and medical devices. The council also collaborated with EU and assigned $1 million to call for research proposals on BisNano projects (Foladori et al., 2011 ; Singer et al., 2005 ). South Africa also founded 6 plans to reinforce R&D in the nano‐industry over a 10‐year research plan from 2008 to 2018 (e.g., National Nanotechnology Equipment Programme [NNEP]: Human and Infrastructure Capacity Development Strategic Framework), which indicates comprehensive investments and planning toward the growth of nanotechnology (Muhammad, 2022 ). The collaborative approach also improves risk management by identifying and prioritizing research ideas and potential risks of NPs. International collaborations also help industries to gain synergies and widen their databases.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge and thank Curtin University Malaysia for providing academic resources and assistance throughout this manuscript preparation. This work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) Malaysia. Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) under project code FRGS/1/2019/TK10/CURTIN/02/2. Open access publishing facilitated by Curtin University, as part of the Wiley‐Curtin University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
PY - 2022/10
Y1 - 2022/10
N2 - Over the past decade, nanotechnology has been developed and employed across various entities. Among the numerous nanostructured material types, enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials have shown great potential in various fields, as an alternative to biologically derived as well as synthetically developed hybrid structures. The mechanism of incorporating enzyme onto a nanostructure depends on several factors including the method of immobilization, type of nanomaterial, as well as operational and environmental conditions. The prospects of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials have shown promising results across various applications, such as biocatalysts, biosensors, drug therapy, and wastewater treatment. This is due to their excellent ability to exhibit chemical and physical properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, recovery and/or reusability rates, sensitivity, response scale, and stable catalytic activity across wide operating conditions. In this review, the evolution of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials along with their impact on our society due to its state-of-the-art properties, and its significance across different industrial applications are discussed. In addition, the weakness and future prospects of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials were also discussed to guide scientists for futuristic research and development in this field.
AB - Over the past decade, nanotechnology has been developed and employed across various entities. Among the numerous nanostructured material types, enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials have shown great potential in various fields, as an alternative to biologically derived as well as synthetically developed hybrid structures. The mechanism of incorporating enzyme onto a nanostructure depends on several factors including the method of immobilization, type of nanomaterial, as well as operational and environmental conditions. The prospects of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials have shown promising results across various applications, such as biocatalysts, biosensors, drug therapy, and wastewater treatment. This is due to their excellent ability to exhibit chemical and physical properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, recovery and/or reusability rates, sensitivity, response scale, and stable catalytic activity across wide operating conditions. In this review, the evolution of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials along with their impact on our society due to its state-of-the-art properties, and its significance across different industrial applications are discussed. In addition, the weakness and future prospects of enzyme-incorporated nanomaterials were also discussed to guide scientists for futuristic research and development in this field.
KW - agro-food
KW - biocatalysts
KW - enzymes
KW - immobilization
KW - nanomaterials
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85135111227&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/bit.28185
DO - 10.1002/bit.28185
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35851660
AN - SCOPUS:85135111227
SN - 0006-3592
VL - 119
SP - 2609
EP - 2638
JO - Biotechnology and Bioengineering
JF - Biotechnology and Bioengineering
IS - 10
ER -