Green synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles of BaFe₁₂O₁₉ hexaferrites using tomato pulp: structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and dielectric traits

Herein, for the first time, a sustainable and ecofriendly tomato pulp green fuel was used to synthesize BaFe₁₂O₁₉ (BaM) magnetic nanomaterials by sol–gel auto-combustion route. The current work investigates the effect of green tomato pulp fuel on the crystal structure, optical, and magnetic traits of the barium nanohexaferrites. The X-ray diffraction patterns of all BaM specimens except T3 specimen shows extra phases of BaFe₂O₃ and α -Fe₂O₃. The TEM images indicated that T1 and T2 specimens attained a mean particle size of 75 and 22 nm, respectively. The Raman spectral study of prepared hexaferrites indicated the development of nine Raman active modes at 206–222 cm⁻¹, 282–298 cm⁻¹, 309–317 cm⁻¹, 327–335 cm⁻¹, 404–414 cm⁻¹, 459–495 cm⁻¹, 517–525 cm⁻¹, 608–614 cm⁻¹, and 679–686 cm⁻¹. The T1 specimen attains the highest coercivity of 3933 Oe whereas; the T3 specimen acquired highest saturation magnetization of 55.52 emu/g. The synthesized hexaferrite-based nanomaterials have superior saturation magnetization (41.06–55.52) and coercivity (2033–3933), which makes these nanomaterials suitable for the recording media application. From the dielectric study, excellent values of dielectric constant with minute dielectric losses were obtained for the produced samples, which is favorable for the microwave and switching devices.