Getting Public Transport Networked: Developing a theory of the implementation of change in complex systems

This paper explores the theoretical grounds why understanding the entirety of a system when implementing partial actions is crucial for effective urban policy change in complex systems. We examine the implementation of Networked Public Transport (NPT), a complex public transport initiative, across nine cities. Our study suggests that while reductionist approaches are necessary for significant changes, successful outcomes are more likely when these approaches are complemented by an understanding of the system as a whole. Through the case of NPT implementation, we illustrate the importance of fostering a learning environment characterised by a phased trial-and-change approach, supported by open, information-rich consultations aligned with holistic thinking.