COVID-19 classification using chest X-ray images based on fusion-assisted deep Bayesian optimization and Grad-CAM visualization

Ameer Hamza, Muhammad Attique Khan*, Shui Hua Wang, Majed Alhaisoni, Meshal Alharbi, Hany S. Hussein, Hammam Alshazly, Ye Jin Kim, Jaehyuk Cha*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

30 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The COVID-19 virus's rapid global spread has caused millions of illnesses and deaths. As a result, it has disastrous consequences for people's lives, public health, and the global economy. Clinical studies have revealed a link between the severity of COVID-19 cases and the amount of virus present in infected people's lungs. Imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and chest x-rays can detect COVID-19 (CXR). Manual inspection of these images is a difficult process, so computerized techniques are widely used. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are a type of machine learning that is frequently used in computer vision applications, particularly in medical imaging, to detect and classify infected regions. These techniques can assist medical personnel in the detection of patients with COVID-19. In this article, a Bayesian optimized DCNN and explainable AI-based framework is proposed for the classification of COVID-19 from the chest X-ray images. The proposed method starts with a multi-filter contrast enhancement technique that increases the visibility of the infected part. Two pre-trained deep models, namely, EfficientNet-B0 and MobileNet-V2, are fine-tuned according to the target classes and then trained by employing Bayesian optimization (BO). Through BO, hyperparameters have been selected instead of static initialization. Features are extracted from the trained model and fused using a slicing-based serial fusion approach. The fused features are classified using machine learning classifiers for the final classification. Moreover, visualization is performed using a Grad-CAM that highlights the infected part in the image. Three publically available COVID-19 datasets are used for the experimental process to obtain improved accuracies of 98.8, 97.9, and 99.4%, respectively.

Original languageEnglish
Article number1046296
JournalFrontiers in Public Health
Volume10
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 4 Nov 2022
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Bayesian optimization
  • corona virus
  • deep learning
  • fusion
  • hyperparameters
  • multi-filters contrast enhancement

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