A sustainable approach for the synthesis of PbFe₁₂O₁₉ materials using tomato pulp as a fuel: Structural, morphological, optical, magnetic, and dielectric traits

Herein, a PbFe₁₂O₁₉ (PbM) nanostructured material was prepared using novel Tomato pulp fuel via the sol–gel auto-combustion technique. The synthesis of PbM is reported for the first time using tomato pulp, which acts as an eco-friendly chelating agent, reducing agent and natural fuel. The XRD patterns of PbM samples (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) except T4 contains additional phases of PbO. The FESEM images indicated the lowest grain size of 355 nm for the T1 specimen, whereas the T0 and T4 specimens acquired a grain size of 1380 and 883 nm respectively. However, the FESEM images of produced samples showed irregularly shaped grains with distinct grain boundaries and agglomerated nature. The maximum coercivity (H_c) and saturation magnetization (M_s) of 1429 Oe and 58.3 emu/g were observed for the T4 specimen. Therefore, the synthesized nanohexaferrites can be a beneficial candidate for the microwave absorber and high-density recording media. In addition, the dielectric constant and dissipation factor concede a diminishing behavior with the increase in frequency. Thus, hexaferrite with such dielectric behavior is beneficial for microwave and switching device applications.