Использование рыб зебраданио (Zebrafish) в качестве модельных объектов для изучения возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний (обзор)

Background: Ageing is an evolutionary long-term biological process that leads to a decline in the functional capacity of the human body. As the number of elderly people in the population increases, the priority direction in health care is to study the mechanisms of age-related diseases and to search for drugs to correct these pathologies in order to improve the quality of life. Experiments have shown that zebrafish (Danio rerio) develop nine known signs of ageing that are characteristic of humans. Although the genome of these fish is only 70% homologous to the human genome, they have more than 80% of the orthologs of the genes involved in the diseases. These fish do not require high maintenance costs, can be studied from early embryogenesis to old age, and live much longer in the laboratory than mice, for example. Despite the limitations, including 10-15% differences from humans in target genes, duplication of 25% of genes, and different pharmacokinetics from warmblooded animals, it is relevant to use zebrafish as an object for modelling age-related diseases and studying the pharmacological activity of a number of substances capable of correcting emerging deviations in them. The aim of the study: To analyze the literature data on the possibilities of using the zebrafish model object for the study of age-related pathologies. Materials and methods: The scientific works that are publicly available in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, eLibrary and Google Scholar were analyzed. Publications in English and published within the last 5 years were mainly examined, with particular attention paid to original articles. Results: This review presents data on the study of pathologies such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, fibrosis of the heart valves, cardiac dysfunction, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease on zebrafish, discusses possible pharmacological and genetic models, and describes the results of experiments studying a number of substances used to correct these pathologies. Conclusion: The zebrafish is widely used as a model organism to study age-related diseases of the visual, metabolic, cardiovascular, nervous and musculoskeletal systems. The models described are valid because they show similarities to the manifestations of the disease in humans and can be successfully corrected pharmacologically.