TY - JOUR
T1 - Refining health risk assessment of arsenic in wild edible boletus from typical high geochemical background areas
T2 - The role of As species, bioavailability, and enterotoxicity
AU - Li, Mengying
AU - Chen, Zheng
AU - Xiong, Qing
AU - Mu, Yunzhen
AU - Xie, Yumei
AU - Zhang, Mengyan
AU - Ma, Lena Q.
AU - Xiang, Ping
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 41967026 ), the Top Young Talents Project of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration ( 2020132613 ), the Yunnan Agricultural Basic Research Joint Special Project ( 202101BD070001-023 ), the Open Project of Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety ( KF-2020–01 ), the Yunnan Thousand Youth Talent Program ( YNQR-QNRC-2018-049 ), and the Yunnan Innovative Research Team ( 202005AE160017 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/10/1
Y1 - 2023/10/1
N2 - Arsenic (As) is easily accumulated in wild Boletus. However, the accurate health risks and adverse effects of As on humans were largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the total concentration, bioavailability, and speciation of As in dried wild boletus from some typical high geochemical background areas using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 model. The health risk assessment, enterotoxicity, and risk prevention strategy after consumption of As-contaminated wild Boletus were further investigated. The results showed that the average concentration of As was 3.41–95.87 mg/kg dw, being 1.29–56.3 folds of the Chinese food safety standard limit. DMA and MMA were the dominant chemical forms in raw and cooked boletus, while their total (3.76–281 mg/kg) and bioaccessible (0.69–153 mg/kg) concentrations decreased to 0.05–9.27 mg/kg and 0.01–2.38 mg/kg after cooking. The EDI value of total As was higher than the WHO/FAO limit value, while the bioaccessible or bioavailable EDI suggested no health risks. However, the intestinal extracts of raw wild boletus triggered cytotoxicity, inflammation, cell apoptosis, and DNA damage in Caco-2 cells, indicating existing health risk assessment models based on total, bioaccessible, or bioavailable As may be not accurate enough. Given that, the bioavailability, species, and cytotoxicity should be systematically considered in accurate risk assessment. In addition, cooking mitigated the enterotoxicity along with decreasing the total and bioavailable DMA and MMA in wild boletus, suggesting that cooking could be a simple and effective way to decrease the health risks of consumption of As-contaminated wild boletus.
AB - Arsenic (As) is easily accumulated in wild Boletus. However, the accurate health risks and adverse effects of As on humans were largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the total concentration, bioavailability, and speciation of As in dried wild boletus from some typical high geochemical background areas using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 model. The health risk assessment, enterotoxicity, and risk prevention strategy after consumption of As-contaminated wild Boletus were further investigated. The results showed that the average concentration of As was 3.41–95.87 mg/kg dw, being 1.29–56.3 folds of the Chinese food safety standard limit. DMA and MMA were the dominant chemical forms in raw and cooked boletus, while their total (3.76–281 mg/kg) and bioaccessible (0.69–153 mg/kg) concentrations decreased to 0.05–9.27 mg/kg and 0.01–2.38 mg/kg after cooking. The EDI value of total As was higher than the WHO/FAO limit value, while the bioaccessible or bioavailable EDI suggested no health risks. However, the intestinal extracts of raw wild boletus triggered cytotoxicity, inflammation, cell apoptosis, and DNA damage in Caco-2 cells, indicating existing health risk assessment models based on total, bioaccessible, or bioavailable As may be not accurate enough. Given that, the bioavailability, species, and cytotoxicity should be systematically considered in accurate risk assessment. In addition, cooking mitigated the enterotoxicity along with decreasing the total and bioavailable DMA and MMA in wild boletus, suggesting that cooking could be a simple and effective way to decrease the health risks of consumption of As-contaminated wild boletus.
KW - Accurate health risk assessment
KW - Arsenic species
KW - Bioavailability
KW - Cytotoxicity
KW - Dried boletus
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85164392468&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122148
DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122148
M3 - Article
C2 - 37419204
AN - SCOPUS:85164392468
SN - 0269-7491
VL - 334
JO - Environmental Pollution
JF - Environmental Pollution
M1 - 122148
ER -