In-vivo and ex-vivo measurements of blood glucose using whispering gallery modes

Louis W.Y. Liu*, Abhishek Kandwal, A. Kogut, Z. E. Eremenko, E. Kogut, M. T. Islam, R. Dolia, S. Nosatiuk, Son T. Nguyen

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

19 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The permittivity of blood glucose is not a strong function of its concentration in microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies. Measuring glucose concentrations remains a challenge, particularly in the presence of interference caused by the ambient leaky waves. In this paper, however, we demonstrate that a near-linear correlation between the glucose concentration and the blood permittivity was noticeably observed at a whispering gallery mode resonance. Method: the proposed sensor was a vacuum suction aspirator partially wounded with a turn of the Goubau line. This arrangement enabled a fixed cylindrical volume of a skin tissue bump or glucose/water solution to be formed and used as a whispering gallery resonator for in-vivo and ex-vivo measurements. Results: in the in-vivo study, a near-linear correlation between the glucose levels and the S21 parameters was noticeably observed at the fundamental whispering gallery resonance (i.e., at 2.18 GHz). In the ex-vivo study, a similar correlation was observed between the concentration of a glucose/water solution and the S21 parameters 56.6 GHz. Conclusion: the results of both investigations were consistent not only with the invasive measurements using the Accu-check™, but also with the conclusion drawn by some other research groups who have successfully measured blood glucose concentrations at millimeter-wave frequencies.

Original languageEnglish
Article number830
JournalSensors (Switzerland)
Volume20
Issue number3
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Feb 2020
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Blood glucose
  • Fast wave
  • Goubau line
  • Microwave
  • Non-invasive
  • Slow wave
  • Surface wave
  • Whispering gallery modes

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