Two-stage design model of SE-GSHP-CCHP system for coupled thermal energy storage considering optimal configuration and scheduling

The optimal design and energy management of the solar energy-ground source heat pump-combined cooling and heating power (SE-GSHP-CCHP) system significantly impacts its environmental, energy, economic, and efficiency improvement. This paper proposes a novel optimal design and scheduling method for the SE-GSHP-CCHP system based on a bi-level optimization model. Firstly, the upper-level planning model considering environmental, energy, and economic objectives, and the lower-level operation management model considering operation cost is constructed. Then, we propose a novel multi-objective beluga whale optimization algorithm. Secondly, we propose a novel GSHP operation mechanism and improve following electric load (FEL), following thermal load (FTL), and following hybrid electric-thermal load (FHL). Finally, we analyze and discuss the performance of the SE-GSHP-CCHP system under the bi-level model and the operation strategies. The novel GSHP operation mechanism enables the reliable operation of operation strategies. Compared with the operation strategies, the proposed bi-level design model can achieve different levels of improvement in carbon emission reduction-rate, primary energy-saving rate, and annual cost-saving rate, grid integration level, net interaction level and heat waste ratio metrics.