Tripartite evolutionary game analysis of collaborative governance in construction and demolition waste management

this study develops an evolutionary game model involving government regulators, construction enterprises, and recycling enterprises. By integrating replicator dynamics with MATLAB-based simulations, the study explores the impact of phased subsidies, penalties, and cost structures on the evolution of cooperative strategies. The results suggest that a stable cooperative equilibrium can be achieved when appropriate incentives and penalties are applied, and a three-phase policy strategy is proposed to guide the transition from low cooperation to a mature, circular waste management system.