Strategic insights into Prussian Blue Analogues-based catalysts: Design and regulation for enhanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion

Prussian Blue Analogues (PBAs), a distinctive class of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) within the broader category of coordination polymers, are formed through the self-assembly of transition metal ions and cyanide ligands. The characteristic open lattice architecture of these materials, combined with their excellent charge transport capabilities, electrical conductivity, stable framework structures, tunable redox sites, and modifiable synthetic pathways, positions pristine PBAs as promising candidates for diverse electrochemical technologies. The significance of PBAs extends beyond their standalone applications, as they function exceptionally well as structural templates and precursor materials for generating various functional micro- and nanostructures. Through controlled decomposition or chemical conversion processes, PBAs can be transformed into metal oxides, chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides, carbonaceous materials, and metallic alloys. The inherent compositional homogeneity and adjustable metal ratios within PBA frameworks enable precise engineering of the final product characteristics. Materials derived from PBA precursors often exhibit superior electrochemical performance compared to conventionally synthesized counterparts, attributed to their enlarged surface areas, optimized pore structures, and abundant catalytically active sites. These enhanced properties make PBA-derived materials (PBADs) particularly attractive for advanced applications in energy storage and energy conversion technologies. This review provides a systematic analysis of the design strategies for both pristine PBAs and PBADs, emphasizing their expanding significance in energy-related applications and beyond.