Scalable production of microscopic particles for biological delivery

Microscopic particles (nano- and micro-particles) have shown great potential as biological delivery carriers, with notable success stories such as in DOXIL and COVID-19 vaccines. Translation of these advanced drug delivery systems to industry/clinic is challenging, with scalable production being one of the keys. This review summarizes efforts in the literature in developing scalable production processes for microscopic particle-based bio-delivery systems. These scalable production processes include both batch processes and continuous processes such as microfluidics, flash technology, and electrospray. The materials used for particle-based delivery carriers include organic, inorganic, as well as hybrid materials. Finally, we also discuss the downstream processes after production, e.g., purification, bioconjugation, sterilization, and storage.