Interaction of (+)-strebloside and its derivatives with na⁺/k⁺-atpase and other targets

Docking profiles for (+)-strebloside, a cytotoxic cardiac glycoside identified from Streblus asper, and some of its derivatives and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase have been investigated. In addition, binding between (+)-strebloside and its aglycone, strophanthidin, and several of their other molecular targets, including FIH-1, HDAC, KEAP1 and MDM2 (negative regulators of Nrf2 and p53, respectively), NF-κB, and PI3K and Akt1, have been inspected and compared with those for digoxin and its aglycone, digoxigenin. The results showed that (+)-strebloside, digoxin, and their aglycones bind to KEAP1 and MDM2, while (+)-strebloside, strophanthidin, and digoxigenin dock to the active pocket of PI3K, and (+)-strebloside and digoxin interact with FIH-1. Thus, these cardiac glycosides could directly target HIF-1, Nrf2, and p53 protein–protein interactions, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, and PI3K to mediate their antitumor activity. Overall, (+)-strebloside seems more promising than digoxin for the development of potential anticancer agents.