Integrated Sensing, Communications, and Computation Services in Low-Altitude Economy Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

The low-altitude economy (LAE) encompasses the commercial and operational use of airspace below 1000 meters, supporting applications such as drone logistics, urban air mobility, and aerial sensing. The effective deployment of these applications necessitates highly integrated sensing, communication, and computation (ISCC) capabilities. Integrating these diverse technologies poses significant challenges for conventional network architectures and resource management strategies. This survey reviews recent progress in addressing these challenges within LAE networks, specifically focusing on advancements enabled by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted systems. It analyses the role of these systems in improving service delivery, optimising resource utilisation, and enhancing quality of experience (QoE) across diverse LAE scenarios. Furthermore, the survey explores various joint optimisation frameworks developed to address core challenges, including energy efficiency, latency minimisation, and dynamic resource allocation under the stringent mobility constraints inherent to LAE operations. Although significant research has advanced the field, critical open issues persist. Key limitations involve the practical scalability of current AI-enhanced methods and the growing demand to support emerging, resource-intensive applications such as augmented reality (AR), generative AI (GenAI) models deployed at the edge, and large-scale digital twin systems. This survey aims to provide a foundational reference for researchers working towards developing scalable and intelligent network solutions for the evolving LAE domain.