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DirectASRM: uncovering allele-specific post-transcriptional RNA modifications through direct RNA sequencing

  • Jiayin Dai
  • , Yuxin Zhang
  • , Jiayi Li
  • , Jiongming Ma
  • , Kunqi Chen
  • , Jia Meng
  • , Daniel J. Rigden
  • , Zhen Wei*
  • , Shaofeng Lin*
  • , Qingru Xu*
  • *Corresponding author for this work
  • Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
  • Fujian Medical University
  • University of Liverpool
  • Department of Biological Science
  • Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer
  • Institute of Systems
  • Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences
  • University of California at Los Angeles

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Summary: We developed DirectASRM, a comprehensive database for the systematic identification, integration, and annotation of allele-specific RNA modifications (ASRMs) from direct RNA sequencing data. DirectASRM enables single-base, transcript-level detection of ASRMs across multiple RNA modification types, diverse organisms and condition-specific contexts. The database further evaluates the confidence of each ASRM–SNP pair association within isoform context by jointly considering statistical evidence of allelic modification imbalance and independent support from external next-generation sequencing (NGS) – based RNA modification resources. DirectASRM also provides extensive functional annotations for ASRMs and their associated variants, including intra-sample transcript-level allele-specific expression (ASE) and allele-specific splicing, as well as additional post-transcriptional regulatory features such as miRNA binding, circRNA, RNA–protein interactions, and disease relevance. Overall, DirectASRM serves as a comprehensive resource that supports systematic investigation of the potential functional impact of genetic variants in epitranscriptomic regulation. Availability and implementation: DirectASRM database is freely accessible at http://modinfor.com/DirectASRM/. DirectASRM pipeline is available at GitHub (https://github.com/jiayin1101/DirectASRM_pipeline) and Zenodo (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19876077).

Original languageEnglish
Article numberbtag432
JournalBioinformatics
Volume42
Issue number7
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jul 2026

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