TY - GEN
T1 - Design of a Flexible Ultra-Thin Wearable Frostbite High-Precision Warning System
AU - Xu, Baixiang
AU - Zhang, Jinyao
AU - Zhang, Wenzhang
AU - Lim, Eng Gee
AU - Hu, Bintao
AU - Pei, Rui
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
©2025 IEEE.
PY - 2025
Y1 - 2025
N2 - This paper presents a flexible, ultra-thin, high-precision wearable system for early-stage frostbite detection in extreme cold environments. The system is built on the ESP32-S3 microcontroller. A two-stage digital filtering algorithm ensures measurement stability under motion and external interference, achieving an average absolute error of ±0.08 °C. The circuit employs a flexible printed circuit made from 0.1 mm copper foil, offering high mechanical durability and enhanced wear resistance in harsh environments. Furthermore, the decoupled design, comprising a sensor unit (10×20 mm2) and a processor unit (25×20 mm2), enhances wearability and enables modular, multi-point deployment. By utilising Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based on the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, the system enables secure, low-latency, real-time data transmission with both cloud and mobile interfaces. The system is well-suited for integration into gloves, insoles, and cold-weather gear, offering practical applications in occupational safety, military operations, and outdoor expeditions.
AB - This paper presents a flexible, ultra-thin, high-precision wearable system for early-stage frostbite detection in extreme cold environments. The system is built on the ESP32-S3 microcontroller. A two-stage digital filtering algorithm ensures measurement stability under motion and external interference, achieving an average absolute error of ±0.08 °C. The circuit employs a flexible printed circuit made from 0.1 mm copper foil, offering high mechanical durability and enhanced wear resistance in harsh environments. Furthermore, the decoupled design, comprising a sensor unit (10×20 mm2) and a processor unit (25×20 mm2), enhances wearability and enables modular, multi-point deployment. By utilising Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based on the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, the system enables secure, low-latency, real-time data transmission with both cloud and mobile interfaces. The system is well-suited for integration into gloves, insoles, and cold-weather gear, offering practical applications in occupational safety, military operations, and outdoor expeditions.
KW - Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
KW - Digital filtering
KW - Flexible electronics
KW - Frostbite detection
KW - Internet of Things (IoT)
KW - Wearable sensor
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105018307748
U2 - 10.1109/IWEM65640.2025.11168019
DO - 10.1109/IWEM65640.2025.11168019
M3 - Conference Proceeding
AN - SCOPUS:105018307748
T3 - 2025 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition, iWEM 2025
SP - 138
EP - 141
BT - 2025 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics
PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
T2 - 2025 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition, iWEM 2025
Y2 - 4 August 2025 through 6 August 2025
ER -