Anode health-conscious tri-zoned equivalent circuit model development including electrochemical insights for battery fast charging

Cell modelling provides accurate real-time battery performance forecasts. Researchers have investigated many cell modelling techniques, with the most common being a single model for the charging cycle. In such case, cell degradation impacts the accuracy of predictions. Present study employs a novel multizoned equivalent circuit modelling (ECM) approach. Based on findings of literature review, it is generally observed that degradation tends to be more prominent on anode. Consequently, charging-zones are established by comprehensive examination of anode's characteristics. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique is employed to determine diffusion coefficient of anode at various time intervals. Moreover, the validation of these zones is accomplished through the estimation of charge transfer resistance using galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This obtained data is subsequently utilised to establish distinct charging zones. Trizoned ECM is established by developing ECM for each respective zone. This model is validated using cell cycling test bench, where high level of accuracy in predicting voltage (98.14 %), current (97.95 %), and ageing (98.35 %) is demonstrated. In addition, proposed methodology is tested on three distinct cells to verify its reproducibility. Furthermore, comparison with benchmark strategies demonstrates its efficacy. This raises possibility of using similar method to produce health-aware battery fast charging systems based on digital twins.